{"id":5923,"date":"2014-02-09T15:45:58","date_gmt":"2014-02-09T13:45:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/?p=5923"},"modified":"2014-04-19T20:23:56","modified_gmt":"2014-04-19T18:23:56","slug":"katalyzatory-v-autach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/5923\/katalyzatory-v-autach","title":{"rendered":"Katalyz\u00e1tory v aut\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Po\u010det \u00e1ut na na\u0161ich cest\u00e1ch neust\u00e1le rastie. A t\u00fdm rastie aj mno\u017estvo \u0161kodliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 do ovzdu\u0161ia z motorov \u00e1ut. Z h\u013eadiska ochrany \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia s\u00fa dnes u\u017e nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou auta katalyz\u00e1tory.<\/p>\n<p><b>Katalyz\u00e1tor<\/b> je kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fd prvok v\u00fdfukov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vozidla, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faci chemick\u00fa katalytick\u00fa technol\u00f3giu na premenu plynn\u00fdch \u0161kodliv\u00edn v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynov na ne\u0161kodliv\u00e9 plyny. Stupe\u0148 konverzie v katalyz\u00e1tore z\u00e1vis\u00ed od jeho pracovnej teploty. Pracova\u0165 za\u010d\u00edna pribli\u017ene od teploty 250\u00b0C. Optim\u00e1lna pracovn\u00e1 oblas\u0165 sa nach\u00e1dza v intervale 400-800 \u00b0C. Pri teplote nad 1000\u00b0C sa \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 katalyz\u00e1tora v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euje a vznik\u00e1 riziko jeho zni\u010denia.<\/p>\n<p>Modern\u00e9 aut\u00e1 starostlivo kontroluj\u00fa mno\u017estvo spa\u013euj\u00faceho sa paliva, za \u00fa\u010delom zn\u00ed\u017eenia emisi\u00ed. Zariadenie na kontrolu tohto mno\u017estva vzduchu sa vol\u00e1 <strong>lambda sonda<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 je umiestnen\u00e1 vo v\u00fdfukovom syst\u00e9me vozidla.\u00a0Sna\u017e\u00ed sa udr\u017ea\u0165 pomer mno\u017estva vzduchu potrebn\u00e9ho k sp\u00e1leniu ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estva paliva na stechiometrickej hodnote (\u03bb=1), \u010do je ide\u00e1lny pomer paliva a vzduchu. Teoreticky sa v tomto pomere sp\u00e1li cel\u00e1 zmes paliva so vzduchom, bez tvorby emisi\u00ed. U benz\u00ednov\u00fdch je tento stechiometrick\u00fd pomer pribli\u017ene 14,7:1, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na sp\u00e1lenie 1 kg paliva je potrebn\u00fdch 14,7 kg vzduchu. Na obr\u00e1zku je zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 umiestnenie lambda sondy vo v\u00fdfukovom potrub\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/katalyzator.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"katalyzator\" src=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/katalyzator.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>V skuto\u010dnosti sa zmes paliva a vzduchu l\u00ed\u0161i od ide\u00e1lneho stechiometrick\u00e9ho pomeru aj po\u010das jazdy. Niekedy m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zmes chudobn\u00e1 (\u03bb&gt;1), kde objem vzduchu v zmesi je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ako pri stechiometrickej zmesi alebo bohat\u00e1 zmes (\u03bb&lt;1), kde objem vzduchu v zmesi je men\u0161\u00ed ako pri stechiometrickej zmesi. Na obr\u00e1zku je zn\u00e1zornen\u00e1 lambda sonda.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/21012101is_232488_lambda-sonda-bosch-bo-0258002014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5927\" alt=\"21012101is_232488_lambda-sonda-bosch-bo-0258002014\" src=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/21012101is_232488_lambda-sonda-bosch-bo-0258002014.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/21012101is_232488_lambda-sonda-bosch-bo-0258002014.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/21012101is_232488_lambda-sonda-bosch-bo-0258002014-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/21012101is_232488_lambda-sonda-bosch-bo-0258002014-120x80.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00fdmi zlo\u017ekami emisi\u00ed z v\u00fdfukov\u00e9ho potrubia motora s\u00fa dus\u00edk N2, oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd CO2 a vodn\u00e1 para H2O. Tieto emisie s\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou ne\u0161kodn\u00e9 aj ke\u010f sa predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee CO2 prispieva ku glob\u00e1lnemu otep\u013eovaniu. Vzh\u013eadom k tomu, \u017ee proces spa\u013eovania nikdy nie je dokonal\u00fd, vznikaj\u00fa pri \u0148om aj toxickej\u0161ie l\u00e1tka ako napr. oxid uho\u013enat\u00fd CO (jedovat\u00fd plyn bez z\u00e1pachu), uh\u013eovod\u00edkov\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny HC (hlavn\u00e1 zlo\u017eka smogu, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 nesp\u00e1len\u00fdm zvy\u0161kom z paliva) a oxidy dus\u00edka NOx. Pr\u00e1ve katalyz\u00e1tory sl\u00fa\u017eia na redukovanie mno\u017estva t\u00fdchto troch nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u013ea princ\u00edpu \u010dinnosti a v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho efektu katalyz\u00e1tory del\u00edme na:<\/p>\n<p><b>Oxida\u010dn\u00e9 \u2013<\/b> na ich \u010dinnos\u0165 je nutn\u00e9, aby bol vo v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynoch vo\u013en\u00fd kysl\u00edk. Toto je splnen\u00e9 pri spa\u013eovan\u00ed zmesi s prebytkom vzduchu (\u03bb&gt;1) alebo ak je zabezpe\u010den\u00fd sekund\u00e1rny vzduch. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa vo vznetov\u00fdch motoroch. Svojim katalytick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkom sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa konverziu\u00a0 CO a nesp\u00e1len\u00fdch uh\u013eovod\u00edkov (HC) na CO<sub>2<\/sub> a H<sub>2<\/sub>O. Obsah NO<sub>x<\/sub> prakticky neovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p><b>Reduk\u010dn\u00e9 \u2013<\/b> pracuj\u00fa pri zmesiach s nedostatkom kysl\u00edka (\u03bb&lt;1). Ich \u00fa\u010dinkom nast\u00e1va konverzia NO<sub>x<\/sub> na N<sub>2<\/sub> a CO<sub>2 <\/sub>(CO<sub>2<\/sub> vznik\u00e1 reakciu kysl\u00edka a CO obsiahnut\u00e9ho vo v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynoch)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/katalyzator-zlozenie.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"katalyzator-zlozenie\" src=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/katalyzator-zlozenie.png\" width=\"580\" height=\"437\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Oba typy katalyz\u00e1torov sa skladaj\u00fa z keramickej \u0161trukt\u00fary (obr\u00e1zok pod odstavcom), na ktorej je potiahnut\u00e1 vrstva kovov\u00e9ho katalyz\u00e1tora ( zvy\u010dajne s\u00fa to drah\u00e9 kovy ako platina, r\u00f3dium alebo pal\u00e1dium). D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm faktorom je ve\u013ekos\u0165 plochy tejto \u0161trukt\u00fary, mus\u00ed by\u0165 \u010do najva\u010d\u0161ia, aby \u010do najviac pohltila emisie z pr\u00fadu v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynov.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/catalytic-converter-catalyst.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5932\" alt=\"catalytic-converter-catalyst\" src=\"http:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/catalytic-converter-catalyst.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/catalytic-converter-catalyst.jpg 400w, https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/catalytic-converter-catalyst-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina automobilov s\u00fa vybaven\u00e9 <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">trojcestn\u00fdmi katalyz\u00e1tormi<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">, ktor\u00e9 reguluj\u00fa tri hlavn\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny emisi\u00ed oxidov dus\u00edka NOx, oxidu huo\u013enat\u00e9ho CO a a nesp\u00e1len\u00fdch uh\u013eovod\u00edkov HC. V prvej \u010dasti trojcestn\u00e9ho katalyz\u00e1tora prebieha redukcia. \u00a0Tu je pou\u017eit\u00e9 pal\u00e1dium a r\u00f3dium, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa zni\u017eova\u0165 emisie NOx. V druhej f\u00e1ze prebieha oxid\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 zni\u017euje mno\u017estvo nesp\u00e1len\u00fdch uh\u013eovod\u00edkov a oxidu uho\u013enat\u00e9ho oxid\u00e1ciou cez vrstvy platiny a pal\u00e1dia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1e9EvrThk1Y<\/p>\n<p>Autor: Stanislav Frivaldsk\u00fd<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Po\u010det \u00e1ut na na\u0161ich cest\u00e1ch neust\u00e1le rastie. A t\u00fdm rastie aj mno\u017estvo \u0161kodliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 do ovzdu\u0161ia z motorov \u00e1ut. Z h\u013eadiska ochrany \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia s\u00fa dnes u\u017e nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou auta katalyz\u00e1tory. Katalyz\u00e1tor je kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fd prvok v\u00fdfukov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vozidla, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faci chemick\u00fa katalytick\u00fa technol\u00f3giu na premenu plynn\u00fdch \u0161kodliv\u00edn v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynov na ne\u0161kodliv\u00e9 plyny. Stupe\u0148 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5933,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3],"tags":[561,563,562],"class_list":["post-5923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dokumentarne","category-zaujimave","tag-katalyzator","tag-katalyzatory","tag-lambda-sonda"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"en","enabled_languages":["sk","en","de"],"languages":{"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5923","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5923"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5923\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5934,"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5923\/revisions\/5934"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5923"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5923"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mixmotor.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5923"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}